![]() Research conducted by the University of Freiburg, Imperial College London, Lausanne University Hospital and EPFL as a case study in Nature Communications in 2019 found that in cases of polydactyly that result in a fully functional additional digit, muscles to control the extra digit may be duplicated, resulting in increased motor control that allows the patient to carry out certain tasks with one hand that would normally require two. Polydactyly can be divided into three major types, which are discussed below, which depend on the location of the additional digit. More specific loci and genetic mechanisms responsible for disorders of duplications will be defined with time, as molecular research continues. Polydactyly has been associated with 39 genetic mutations. Research has shown that the majority of congenital anomalies occur during the 4-week embryologic period of rapid limb development. This should also be done if a syndrome is suspected, or if more than two or three generations of the family are affected. īecause there is an association between polydactyly and several syndromes, children with a congenital upper extremity deformity should be examined by a geneticist for other congenital anomalies. Polydactyly belongs to the category of duplication. These categories are failure of formation of parts, failure of differentiation, duplication, overgrowth, undergrowth, congenital constriction band syndrome, and generalized skeletal abnormalities. Congenital anomalies of the limb can be classified in seven categories, proposed by Frantz and O’Rahilly and modified by Swanson, based on the embryonic failure causing the clinical presentation. The incidence of congenital deformities in newborns is approximately 2%, and 10% of these deformities involve the upper extremity. The extra digit is most commonly an abnormal fork in an existing digit, or it may rarely originate at the wrist as a normal digit does. ![]() ![]() These are respectively known as postaxial (little finger), preaxial (thumb), and central (ring, middle, index fingers) polydactyly. The extra digit is most common on the ulnar (little finger) side of the hand, less common on the radial ( thumb) side, and very rarely within the middle three digits. Occasionally it contains bone without joints rarely it may be a complete functioning digit. The extra digit is usually a small piece of soft tissue that can be removed. In humans/animals this condition can present itself on one or both hands or feet. The supernumerary digit had normal sensation but no joint and hence could not move independently. Male with unilateral preaxial polydactyly affecting the left thumb.
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